You and Your Hormones. Students Teachers Patients Browse. Human body. Home Glands Adipose tissue. Adipose tissue Adipose tissue body fat is crucial for health. Along with fat cells, adipose tissue contains numerous nerve cells and blood vessels, storing and releasing energy to fuel the body and releasing important hormones vital to the body's needs. Alternative names for adipose tissue Fat; body fat Where is my adipose tissue? What does adipose tissue do?
What hormones does adipose tissue produce? What could go wrong with adipose tissue? J Tissue Eng Regen Med Preadipocytes in the human subcutaneous adipose tissue display distinct features from the adult mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cells.
J Cell Physiol — Identification of white adipocyte progenitor cells in vivo. Cell —9. Berry R, Rodeheffer MS. Characterization of the adipocyte cellular lineage in vivo. Nat Cell Biol 15 —8. Weighing in on adipocyte precursors. Cell Metab 19 :8— Isolation and study of adipocyte precursors.
Methods Enzymol — Sims EA. Are there persons who are obese, but metabolically healthy? Metabolism 50 — The relationship of omental and subcutaneous adipocyte size to metabolic disease in severe obesity. PLoS One 5 :e Open questions about metabolically normal obesity. Characterizing the profile of obese patients who are metabolically healthy. Int J Obes Lond 35 — MitoNEET-driven alterations in adipocyte mitochondrial activity reveal a crucial adaptive process that preserves insulin sensitivity in obesity.
Nat Med 18 — An antidiabetic thiazolidinedione is a high affinity ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma PPAR gamma. J Biol Chem —6. Thiazolidinediones in the treatment of insulin resistance and type II diabetes.
Diabetes 45 —9. Activation of PPAR gamma induces profound multilocularization of adipocytes in adult mouse white adipose tissues. Exp Mol Med 41 — Inflammation, stress, and diabetes. J Clin Invest —9. Blood insulin responses to blood glucose levels in high output sepsis and spetic shock. Am J Surg — Studies of peripheral glucose uptake during sepsis. Arch Surg —5. Williamson RT.
On the treatment of glycosuria and diabetes mellitus with sodium salicylate. Br Med J 1 —2. Aspirin and diabetes mellitus. Br Med J 2 —4. Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance.
Science — Inflammatory mechanisms in obesity. Annu Rev Immunol 29 — Inflammation is necessary for long-term but not short-term high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance. Diabetes 60 — Neutrophils transiently infiltrate intra-abdominal fat early in the course of high-fat feeding. J Lipid Res 49 — Neutrophils mediate insulin resistance in mice fed a high-fat diet through secreted elastase.
Pham CT. Neutrophil serine proteases: specific regulators of inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol 6 — Neutrophil activation in morbid obesity, chronic activation of acute inflammation. Obesity Silver Spring 17 —8. Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue.
Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance. Increased infiltration of macrophages in omental adipose tissue is associated with marked hepatic lesions in morbid human obesity.
MCP-1 contributes to macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis in obesity. CCR2 modulates inflammatory and metabolic effects of high-fat feeding.
Macrophages, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Annu Rev Physiol 72 — Ablation of CD11c-positive cells normalizes insulin sensitivity in obese insulin resistant animals. Cell Metab 8 —9. Interferon-gamma, a Th1 cytokine, regulates fat inflammation: a role for adaptive immunity in obesity. Circ Res — Nat Med 15 — Normalization of obesity-associated insulin resistance through immunotherapy. Nat Med 15 —9. Obesity induces a phenotypic switch in adipose tissue macrophage polarization.
Eosinophils sustain adipose alternatively activated macrophages associated with glucose homeostasis. Short-term high-fat-diet challenge promotes alternative macrophage polarization in adipose tissue via natural killer T cells and interleukin J Biol Chem 29 — J Biol Chem 17 — Adipose tissue invariant NKT cells protect against diet-induced obesity and metabolic disorder through regulatory cytokine production.
Immunity 37 — Natural killer T cells in adipose tissue prevent insulin resistance. A novel function of adipocytes in lipid antigen presentation to iNKT cells. Mol Cell Biol 33 — The biology of NKT cells. Annu Rev Immunol 25 — Nat Immunol 16 — Lean, but not obese, fat is enriched for a unique population of regulatory T cells that affect metabolic parameters.
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 release is higher in visceral than subcutaneous human adipose tissue AT : implication of macrophages resident in the AT. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90 —9. Fain JN. Release of interleukins and other inflammatory cytokines by human adipose tissue is enhanced in obesity and primarily due to the nonfat cells.
Vitam Horm 74 — Mesenteric adipose tissue-derived monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 plays a crucial role in adipose tissue macrophage migration and activation in obese mice. Obesity Silver Spring 14 — The human visceral fat depot has a unique inflammatory profile. Obesity Silver Spring 18 — Relation of depot-specific adipose inflammation to insulin resistance in human obesity. Nutr Diabetes 2 :e Contribution of intra-abdominal fat accumulation to the impairment of glucose and lipid metabolism in human obesity.
Metabolism 36 —9. T-cell profile in adipose tissue is associated with insulin resistance and systemic inflammation in humans. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 34 — Regulatory mechanisms for adipose tissue M1 and M2 macrophages in diet-induced obese mice. Diabetes 58 — Weight cycling increases T-cell accumulation in adipose tissue and impairs systemic glucose tolerance.
Diabetes 62 —8. Macrophage-specific PPARgamma controls alternative activation and improves insulin resistance. Weight loss regulates inflammation-related genes in white adipose tissue of obese subjects. Functional heterogeneity of CD11c-positive adipose tissue macrophages in diet-induced obese mice. The effect of very-low-calorie diet on mRNA expression of inflammation-related genes in subcutaneous adipose tissue and peripheral monocytes of obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96 :E— Reduction of macrophage infiltration and chemoattractant gene expression changes in white adipose tissue of morbidly obese subjects after surgery-induced weight loss. Diabetes 54 — Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy ameliorates mRNA expression of inflammation-related genes in subcutaneous adipose tissue but not in peripheral monocytes of obese patients. Mol Cell Endocrinol — Bariatric surgery induces disruption in inflammatory signaling pathways mediated by immune cells in adipose tissue: a RNA-Seq study.
PLoS One 10 :e Cell Metab 7 — Odegaard JI, Chawla A. Alternative macrophage activation and metabolism. Annu Rev Pathol 6 — Angiogenic role of LYVEpositive macrophages in adipose tissue. Circ Res :e47— Adipogenesis in obesity requires close interplay between differentiating adipocytes, stromal cells, and blood vessels.
Remodeling phenotype of human subcutaneous adipose tissue macrophages. Circulation — Macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue may promote angiogenesis for adipose tissue remodeling in obesity. Vascular-specific growth factors and blood vessel formation. Nature —8.
Pepper MS. Role of the matrix metalloproteinase and plasminogen activator-plasmin systems in angiogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 21 — A pericellular collagenase directs the 3-dimensional development of white adipose tissue. Metabolic dysregulation and adipose tissue fibrosis: role of collagen VI. Adipose tissue collagen VI in obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94 — Adipose tissue extracellular matrix and vascular abnormalities in obesity and insulin resistance.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96 :E—8. Adipose tissue remodeling and obesity. Hypoxia regulates macrophage functions in inflammation. J Immunol — Cao Y. Angiogenesis modulates adipogenesis and obesity. J Clin Invest —8. Interleukin-6 stimulates circulating blood-derived endothelial progenitor cell angiogenesis in vitro. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 28 —8. Macrophage-derived tumor necrosis factor-alpha is an early component of the molecular cascade leading to angiogenesis in response to aortic injury.
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 31 —9. Mannose-binding lectin is required for the effective clearance of apoptotic cells by adipose tissue macrophages during obesity. Weight loss and lipolysis promote a dynamic immune response in murine adipose tissue. Adipose tissue foam cells are present in human obesity.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98 — Targeted deletion of adipocytes by apoptosis leads to adipose tissue recruitment of alternatively activated M2 macrophages. Mitochondria are cell organelles that convert energy into forms that are usable by the cell.
Beige adipose can also be produced from white adipose cells. Adipose tissue is found in various places in the body. Some of these locations include the subcutaneous layer under the skin; around the heart , kidneys , and nerve tissue ; in yellow bone marrow and breast tissue; and within the buttocks, thighs, and abdominal cavity. While white fat accumulates in these areas, brown fat is located in more specific areas of the body.
In adults, small deposits of brown fat are found on the upper back, the side of the neck, the shoulder area, and along the spine. Infants have a greater percentage of brown fat than do adults. This fat can be found on most of the back region and is important for generating heat.
Adipose tissue acts as an endocrine system organ by generating hormones that influence metabolic activity in other organ systems. Some of the hormones produced by adipose cells influence sex hormone metabolism, blood pressure regulation, insulin sensitivity, fat storage and use, blood clotting, and cell signaling. A major function of adipose cells is to increase the body's sensitivity to insulin, thereby protecting against obesity.
Fat tissue produces the hormone adiponectin which acts on the brain to increase metabolism, promote the breakdown of fat , and increase energy use in muscles without affecting appetite. All of these actions help to reduce body weight and reduce the risk of developing conditions such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Actively scan device characteristics for identification. Use precise geolocation data.
Select personalised content. Create a personalised content profile. Measure ad performance. The finding could help explain an Getting medication past the brain's unique and protective blood Barrett's occurs when the mucosal lining Print Email Share. Most Popular Stories. Living Well. View all the latest top news in the environmental sciences, or browse the topics below:.
0コメント